Fizica - Manual neoficial - Clasa a VI-a

de Mihail Penescu

Cuprins:

CUVANT-INAINTE .........................................................................................................................7

INTRODUCERE .................................................................................................................................9

12 CAPITOLUL I | Introducere in studiul fizicii

L1. Ce este fizica? ...............................................................................................................12

16 CAPITOLUL II | Concepte de baza in fizica - Marimi fizice

L2. Fenomen fizic ...............................................................................................................16

L3. Marimi fizice si unitati de masura ...............................................................................18

L4. Multiplii si submultiplii unitatilor de masura ...............................................................22

25 CAPITOLUL III | Concepte de baza in fizica - Determinarea valorii unei marimi fizice

L5. Masurarea directa a lungimii, ariei, volumului si a duratei ..........................................25

L6. Erori de masurare, surse de erori, inregistrarea datelor intr-un tabel ...........................29

L7. Calcularea valorii medii si a erorii absolute medii. Scrierea rezultatului

 masurarii unei marimi fizice ........................................................................................30

L8. Masurarea indirecta a ariei si a volumului ...................................................................31

34 CAPITOLUL IV | Fenomene mecanice - Miscare si repaus

L9. Miscare si repaus. Corp, mobil, reper. ..........................................................................34

L10. Traiectorie. Sistem de referinta. ....................................................................................36

L11. Distanta parcursa. Durata miscarii ...............................................................................40

L12. Viteza medie. Unitati de masura. Caracteristicile vitezei (directie, sens) .....................41

L13. Miscarea rectilinie uniforma. Reprezentarea grafica a miscarii ..................................45

L14. Punerea in miscare si oprirea unui corp. Acceleratia medie,

 unitate de masura ..........................................................................................................50

L15. Miscarea rectilinie uniform variata (Extensie) .............................................................52

59 CAPITOLUL V | Fenomene mecanice - Inertia

L16. Inertia - proprietate generala a corpurilor ....................................................................59

L17. Masa - masura a inertiei. Unitati de masura ................................................................62

L18. Masurarea directa a masei corpurilor. Cantarirea ........................................................63

L19. Densitatea corpurilor, unitate de masura. Determinarea densitatii ..............................64

69 CAPITOLUL VI | Fenomene mecanice - Interactiunea

L20. Interactiunea, efectele interactiunii ..............................................................................69

L21. Forta - masura a interac tiunii. Unitatea de masura a fortei .........................................72

L22. Exemple de forte (greutatea, forta de frecare, forta elastica) ........................................74

L23. Masurarea fortelor. Dinamometrul ...............................................................................80

L24. Relatia dintre masa si greutate. .....................................................................................81

84 CAPITOLUL VII | Fenomene termice

L25. Starea termica, echilibrul termic, temperatura. Contact termic ...................................84

L26. Masurarea temperaturii. Scari de temperatura ...............................................................86

L27. Modificarea starii termice. Incalzire, racire (transmiterea caldurii) .............................88

1. Investigarea stiintifica structurata, in principal experimentala, a unor fenomene fizice simple, perceptibile

 1.1. Explorarea proprietatilor si fenomenelor fizice in cadrul unor investigatii simple

 Lectiile 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42

 1.2. Folosirea unor metode de inregistrare si reprezentare a datelor experimentale

 Lectiile 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31

 1.3. Formularea unor concluzii simple pe baza datelor experimentale obtinute in cadrul investigatiilor stiintifice

 Lectiile 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42

2. Explicarea stiintifica a unor fenomene fizice simple si a unor aplicatii tehnice ale acestora

 2.1. Identificarea in natura si in aplicatii tehnice uzuale a fenomenelor fizice studiate

 Lectiile 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42

 2.2. Descrierea calitativa a unor fenomene fizice simple identificate in natura si in aplicatii tehnice uzuale

 Lectiile 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19,

20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42

 2.3. Respectarea regulilor stabilite pentru protectia propriei persoane, a celorlalti si a mediului in timpul utilizarii diferitelor instrumente,

aparate, dispozitive

 Lectiile 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42

3. Interpretarea unor date si informatii, obtinute experimental sau din alte surse, privind fenomene fizice simple si aplicatii tehnice ale

acestora

 3.1. Extragerea de date si informatii stiintifice relevante din observatii proprii

 Lectiile 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42

 3.2. Organizarea datelor experimentale in diferite forme simple de prezentare

 Lectiile 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42

 3.3. Formularea unor concluzii simple cu privire la datele obtinute si la evolutia propriei experiente de invatare

 Lectiile 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42

4. Rezolvarea de probleme / situatii-problema prin metode specifice fizicii

 4.1. Utilizarea unor marimi fizice si a unor principii, teoreme, legi, modele fizice pentru a raspunde la intrebari/probleme care necesita cunoastere

factuala

 Lectiile 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42

 4.2. Folosirea unor modele simple in rezolvarea de probleme simple / situatii-problema experimentale

 Lectiile 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42

Competente generale si competente specifice

92 CAPITOLUL VIII | Fenomene termice - Efecte ale schimbarii starii termice

L28. Dilatare/contractie ........................................................................................................92

L29. Transformari de stare de agregare ................................................................................98

L30. Aplicatii (anomalia termica a apei, circuitul apei in natura) ....................................... 101

104 CAPITOLUL IX | Fenomene electrice si magnetice

L31. Magneti, interactiuni intre magneti, poli magnetici ...................................................104

L32. Magnetismul terestru. Busola ....................................................................................107

L33. Structura atomica a substantei. Fenomenul de electrizare (experimental).

 Sarcina electrica .........................................................................................................109

L34. Fulgerul. Curentul electric ......................................................................................... 112

L35. Conductoare si izolatoare electrice. Generatoare, consumatori,

 circuite electrice ......................................................................................................... 114

L36. Circuitul electric simplu. Elemente de circuit, simboluri ........................................... 116

L37. Gruparea becurilor in serie si paralel ......................................................................... 118

L38. Norme de protectie impotriva electrocutarii ...............................................................120

125 CAPITOLUL X | Fenomene optice

L39. Lumina: surse de lumina, corpuri transparente, translucide, opace ...........................125

L40. Propagarea rectilinie a luminii. Viteza luminii ..........................................................126

L41. Umbra. Producerea eclipselor (extindere) ...................................................................128

L42. Devierea fasciculelor de lumina: reflexia si refractia (experimental,

 descriere calitativa) .....................................................................................................130

REZOLVARI SI INDICATII ......................................................................................................... 135